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Court of Appeal draws distinction between claims for recovery of tax and restitution for tax paid out fraudulently

Published on 07 Apr 2022. By Alan Williams, Partner

In Skatteforvaltningen v Solo Capital Partners,(1) the Court of Appeal investigated in detail the operation of rule 3(1) of Dicey, Morris & Collins on the Conflict of Laws (edition 15) (Dicey rule 3), which provides that English courts do not have jurisdiction over actions for "the enforcement, either directly or indirectly, of a penal, revenue, or other public law of a foreign State". The Court decided that the Danish tax authority's claim did not fall within Dicey rule 3 as it concerned the restitution of monies misappropriated by fraud rather than enforcement of tax.

Where's the damage? High Court dismisses jurisdiction challenge in US$495 million claim

Published on 10 Mar 2022. By Jake Hardy, Partner and Charlotte Henschen (née Ducker), Partner, Professional Practices Sector Lead

The High Court has dismissed UBS' challenge to jurisdiction in a ca. US$495 million claim – and in doing so set out useful guidance in terms of how the Court will determine "where the damage has occurred" in cases of economic loss. The judge looked for the most "natural analysis" in determining the manifestation of the loss, and broadly agreed that "the usual answer [in bad investment cases] will be that the loss occurs in, and at the place of, the bank account which was depleted."

ESG claims in the banking and financial markets Sector: will "greenwashing" claims soon be common in the UK?

Published on 14 Feb 2022. By Chris Ross, Partner

Environmental, Social and Governance "ESG" funds are an attractive avenue for investors seeking responsible investment choices.

No knowing receipt claim where equitable interest is destroyed: Byers v Saudi National Bank

Published on 03 Feb 2022. By Simon Hart, Partner, Financial Services Sector Lead

The Court of Appeal has held that a claim in knowing receipt will fail if, at the moment of receipt, the beneficiary’s equitable proprietary interest is destroyed or overridden so that the recipient holds the property as beneficial owner.

How aware were you? High Court refuses to strike out fraudulent misrepresentation claim in VW 'Dieselgate' emissions

Published on 03 Feb 2022. By Jessica Davies, Associate and Jake Hardy, Partner

In Crossley and others v Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft and others(1) the High Court refused to strike out or summarily dismiss the fraudulent misrepresentation claim brought by more than 86,000 vehicle owners against Volkswagen ("VW").

High Court dismisses application for extension of limitation period on basis of fraud at summary judgment stage

Published on 20 Jan 2022. By Jake Hardy, Partner and Christopher Wheatley , Senior Associate

In Libyan Investment Authority v Credit Suisse International & Ors ([2021] EWHC 2684 (Comm), the Commercial Court granted summary judgment dismissing the Libyan Investment Authority's (LIA's) claims against Credit Suisse International (Credit Suisse) and others on the grounds that they were time-barred.

Limitation Act 1980 s.32(1): whether a claimant could have discovered fraud with "reasonable diligence" extends to events prior to accrual of the cause of action

Published on 06 Jan 2022. By Carolin Ayres, Associate and Jonathan Cary, Partner

The High Court found that, when considering the postponement of the limitation period for the purposes of Section 32(1) of the Limitation Act 1980, the question of whether the claimant could have discovered the fraud with "reasonable diligence" extends to the period before the claimant suffered a loss.

Updated P.R.I.M.E. Finance Arbitration Rules launched for 2022

Published on 09 Dec 2021. By Jonathan Cary, Partner and Jonathan Wood, Partner, Chair of International Arbitration

P.R.I.M.E Finance, the Hague-based Panel of Recognised International Market Experts in Finance, has launched updated P.R.I.M.E Finance Arbitration Rules (the Rules), which come into force from 1 January 2022.

Summary judgment application does not amount to submission to English jurisdiction

Published on 09 Dec 2021. By Jake Hardy, Partner

Does applying for summary judgment application before the determination of a parallel application for a stay, amount to a step in the proceedings that results submission to the jurisdiction?

English Commercial Court upholds the validity of swap contracts entered into by an Italian local authority

Published on 12 Nov 2021. By Tim Potts, Senior Associate and Jake Hardy, Partner

The Commercial Court has found that there was no limitation on the capacity of the Italian local authority Busto di Arsizio to enter into a valid swap contracts with Deutsche Bank.

Disputes Yearbook 2021: Financial disputes

Published on 05 May 2021. By Simon Hart, Partner, Financial Services Sector Lead

As part of the acclaimed Disputes Yearbook, Legal Business interviewed members of our disputes team exploring the litigation landscape and what RPC brings to the table.

EBA encourages banks to pool their resources for cloud audits

Published on 02 Jun 2017.

The EBA has set out that banks are no longer required to provide their auditors (or themselves) with an independent right to audit their cloud service providers.

What is a foundational model?

Published on 11 Jun 2025. By Caroline Tuck, Partner and Joshy Thomas, Knowledge Lawyer and Rory Graham, Associate

Part 1 - UK AI regulation

Published on 11 Jun 2025. By Caroline Tuck, Partner and Praveeta Thayalan, Knowledge Lawyer and Ricky Cella, Senior Associate

There has been consistent messaging from the UK Conservative-led government that the UK has decided to adopt a light touch approach to regulating AI. This was evident in the AI white paper published in March 2023 which outlined a principles based framework (see ['The Ethics of AI – the Digital Dilemma'] for more information about the principles themselves and see here for additional coverage of the AI white paper). The UK government held a consultation on the AI white paper in 2023 and published a response on 6 February 2024 that adds slightly more flesh to the bones of the UK framework.

The Role of AI in Disputes

Published on 10 Jun 2025. By Daniel Hemming, Partner and Ricky Cella, Senior Associate and Joshy Thomas, Knowledge Lawyer

While lawyers have had various forms of AI available to them for years, it is generative AI and the development of large language models (LLMs) which is likely to represent a fundamental shift for dispute resolution. This technology now offers language capabilities that have never been seen before, and is likely to transform the way lawyers conduct proceedings.

Generative AI – Addressing Copyright

Published on 10 Jun 2025. By Ciara Cullen, Partner, Retail & Consumer Sector Lead and Joshy Thomas, Knowledge Lawyer and Rory Graham, Associate

When it comes to the interaction of AI and IP rights, bar a flurry of activity surrounding the inevitable outcome by the courts in the Thaler, Dabus case (see here) and the Court of Appeal's ruling on the potential for exclusion from patentability of artificial neural networks in the Emotional Perception case, most attention has been focused on copyright issues. There are three main potentially thorny issues and all have been extensively covered by the mainstream media.

AI and Privacy – 10 Questions to Ask

Published on 10 Jun 2025. By Jon Bartley, Partner and Praveeta Thayalan, Knowledge Lawyer

We set out in this section 10 key questions to ask yourself at the outset when developing or deploying AI solutions in your business.

The Ethics of AI - The Digital Dilemma

Published on 10 Jun 2025.

This is Part 6 of 'Regulation of AI – raising the trillion dollar bAIby'

Part 6 – Practical Considerations

Published on 10 Jun 2025. By Caroline Tuck, Partner and Ricky Cella, Senior Associate and Praveeta Thayalan, Knowledge Lawyer

AI focussed actors and providers have been focussing on their forthcoming AI obligations and on governance for some time, but it is now prudent for the majority of organisations to assess how their use of AI will come within the scope of regulation in key territories and become familiar with each regime (and devise a means to keep up with the anticipated fast moving changes). Planning for the costs of compliance and for AI governance including systems and procedures for data retention and record keeping should also be part of current business strategy together with building expertise on AI internally and identifying trusted advisors from the "noise" of what is being offered externally.

Part 5 – AI Regulation Globally

Published on 10 Jun 2025. By Caroline Tuck, Partner and Praveeta Thayalan, Knowledge Lawyer and Ricky Cella, Senior Associate

On 30 October 2023 the G7 published its international guiding principles on AI, in addition to a voluntary code of conduct for AI developers. The G7 principles are a non-exhaustive list of guiding principles aimed at promoting safe, secure and trustworthy AI and are intended to build on the OECD's AI Principles, adopted back in May 2019.

AI-as-a-service – key issues

Published on 10 Jun 2025. By Paul Joukador, Partner and Praveeta Thayalan, Knowledge Lawyer and Tom James, Associate

Artificial Intelligence-as-a-Service (AIaaS), in the same vein as Software-as-a-Service and Infrastructure-as-a-Service, refers to cloud-based tools that allow businesses to gain access to an AI model hosted by a third party provider.

Procuring AI – commercial considerations checklist

Published on 10 Jun 2025. By Praveeta Thayalan, Knowledge Lawyer and Paul Joukador, Partner

Many companies will no doubt be considering using AI within their business to take advantage of the massive opportunities for increased productivity and cost efficiencies promised.

Regulation of AI - introduction

Published on 10 Jun 2025. By Caroline Tuck, Partner and Praveeta Thayalan, Knowledge Lawyer and Ricky Cella, Senior Associate

As with any new technology, existing data protection and privacy, intellectual property, competition, product liability, data security and consumer laws apply to its application in each jurisdiction. This has thrown up a number of important and newsworthy issues and considerations for AI developers and providers, legislators, consumers and rights holders. There are also several sets of high profile legal proceedings both decided and ongoing in several jurisdictions. These issues and legal proceedings are discussed in other sections of this AI Guide.

What is AI and why is it topical?

Published on 10 Jun 2025. By Paul Joukador, Partner and Helen Armstrong, Partner and Charles Buckworth, Partner and Caroline Tuck, Partner

Whilst there is no universal definition of what constitutes artificial intelligence, at its core, AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans. This encompasses the ability to reason, learn from experience, understand complex concepts, interact with their environment and look to solve problems.

Generative Artificial Intelligence Risks for Litigation Lawyers

Published on 09 Jun 2025. By Nick Bird, Partner and Cheryl Laird, Senior Associate

In R (on the application of Frederick Ayinde) v The London Borough of Haringey AC-2024-LON-003062 the President of the King's Bench Division (Dame Victoria Sharpe) and Mr Justice Johnson gave judgment in two referrals that had been made under the Hamid jurisdiction. That jurisdiction is the court's inherent jurisdiction to regulate its own procedures and enforce the obligations that lawyers owe to it.

European Data Protection Board adopts statement on age assurance technologies

Published on 10 May 2025. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

How is the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) proposing to address the benefits and risks of age assurance technologies?

New ICO guidance for “consent or pay” online ads

Published on 10 May 2025. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

What is the view of the UK Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) on whether “consent or pay” online advertising models are compliant with UK data protection law?

Status update on the UK’s new Data (Use and Access) Bill

Published on 10 May 2025. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

The UK’s new Data (Use and Access) Bill (DUA Bill) is on its way, but where is it in the legislative process? And what are proving the sticking points?

Developing responsible GenAI – the UK and EU regulatory view

Published on 10 May 2025. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

What is the UK and EU data protection authorities’ view on ensuring responsible generative AI (GenAI) development and deployment?

High Court rules against Sky Betting’s targeted marketing

Published on 10 May 2025. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

What constitutes valid consent under UK data protection law, particularly in the context of targeted marketing to vulnerable individuals?

Part 3 - AI regulation in the US

Published on 03 Mar 2025. By Caroline Tuck, Partner and Praveeta Thayalan, Knowledge Lawyer and Ricky Cella, Senior Associate

Back in October 2022, the White House published federal guidance – a Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights identifying five principles aiming to guide the design, use, and deployment of automated systems. It was designed to operate as a roadmap to protect the public from AI harms and was followed in October 2023 by the US President's Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence. The Executive Order sets out eight "guiding principles and priorities", detailing how those principles and priorities should be put into effect, and reporting requirements

Part 2 - AI regulation in the EU

Published on 03 Mar 2025. By Caroline Tuck, Partner and Praveeta Thayalan, Knowledge Lawyer and Ricky Cella, Senior Associate

The EU AI Act, the main elements of which are covered in our previous article, entered into force on 1 August 2024. Most provisions apply from August 2026 but some apply earlier, or later.

Six steps to AI Literacy (whether legally required to or not)

Published on 27 Feb 2025. By Paul Joukador, Partner and Praveeta Thayalan, Knowledge Lawyer

At the beginning of February 2025, the AI literacy requirement under the EU AI Act came into force. The effect of this is that certain businesses must take measures to ensure a sufficient level of AI literacy in their staff.

New Standard Contractual Clauses for data importers outside the EAA but subject to the GDPR

Published on 10 Dec 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

Are the EU’s Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs) needed if a data importer is located outside the European Economic Area (EEA) and already directly subject to the EU General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR)? In other words, where third party controllers and processors are based outside the EAA but subject to the GDPR, do you still need the SCCs to enable a lawful international transfer to them?

The UK’s new Data (Use and Access) Bill

Published on 10 Dec 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

What does the UK’s new Data (Use and Access) Bill (the Data Bill) mean for businesses?

EDPB’s new publications on the ePrivacy Directive, processors and legitimate interests

Published on 09 Dec 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

What are the key takeaways for organisations processing personal data set out in the recent Guidelines and Opinions adopted by the European Data Protection Board (EDPB)?

ICO Statement on Generative AI Model Training

Published on 09 Dec 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

What position does the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) continue to take on Generative AI Model training?

ICO reprimands Sky Betting and Gaming for using non-essential cookies without users’ consent

Published on 09 Dec 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

What proactive steps should website operators take to ensure that their use of cookies complies with UK data protection law? Put another way, are you sure personal data is not being collected by your website’s advertising cookies before users have consented to their deployment?

Irish DPC fines LinkedIn €310m for behavioural analysis and targeted advertising breaches

Published on 09 Dec 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

How certain do data controllers need to be of their lawful basis for processing personal data when engaging in behavioural analysis and targeted advertising, and how clearly must this be reflected in a privacy policy?

UK's new AI Cyber Security Code of Practice

Published on 17 Oct 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

What is the UK's proposed AI Cyber Security Code of Practice?

EU AI Act into force 1 August 2024

Published on 17 Oct 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

The EU AI Act came into force across all 27 EU member states on 1 August 2024. The aim of the legislation is to ensure AI systems used in the EU are safe and transparent.

New Minister for Data Protection Sir Chris Bryant

Published on 17 Oct 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

On 8 July 2024, the Government appointed Sir Chris Bryant as the Minister of State for Data Protection and Telecoms (as well as Minister of State for Creative Industries, Arts and Tourism).

Social media and video sharing platforms targeted by ICO over children's privacy practices

Published on 17 Oct 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

What must social technology platforms be aware of to ensure they are following the ICO's codes of practice for children's online safety?

Uber hit with €290m fine for transferring European driver data to its US HQ

Published on 17 Oct 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

What does the Uber fine signal for international data transfers and the consequences of failing to comply with the EU General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR)?

X suspends personal data training of AI chatbot Grok following Irish DPC pressure

Published on 17 Oct 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

How are the data regulators addressing the use of personal data when training AI language models?

The UK's new AI Bill

Published on 17 Oct 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

The UK's Digital Information and Smart Data Bill

Published on 17 Oct 2024. By Oliver Bray, Senior Partner, Technology, Media & Telecoms Sector Lead

What can we expect from the new Digital Information and Smart Data Bill (the DISD Bill)?

Retail Compass Autumn 2024

Published on 02 Oct 2024. By Jeremy Drew, Partner and Karen Hendy, Partner and Ciara Cullen, Partner, Retail & Consumer Sector Lead

Welcome to the autumn edition of Retail Compass. This edition sees a surge of ESG-related legislative and regulatory updates. We hope to guide you through the most pressing, as well as the wider upcoming legal and policy changes affecting retail and consumer brands.

Part 4 – AI Regulation in Asia

Published on 06 Aug 2024. By Nick Lauw, Partner and Pu Fang Ching, Senior Associate and Armani Cheng , Associate

This is Part 4 of 'Regulation of AI – raising the trillion dollar bAIby'